Life under ice in the perennial ice‐covered Lake Glubokoe in Summer (East Antarctica)

This study focuses on hydrological and biotic variables in Lake Glubokoe, which is located in Thala Hills of Enderby Land (East Antarctica). Water and sediment samples and physical measurements were collected once a week in the austral summer (19 December 2010 – 6 February 2011). This lake exhibits perennial ice cover that reached a thickness of 2.5–2.7 m during the study period. A very low concentration of planktonic chlorophyll‐a (0.06–0.45 μg L^?1) was measured in the lake, indicating its ultra‐oligotrophic status. The water was poorly populated by algae and metazoans, especially in upper waters below ice cover to a depth of 2 m. Small planktonic organisms (2–5 μm) were observed throughout the study period, but larger organisms (>8 μm) such as the cyanobacteria Planktolyngbya limnetica occurred only during the warmest period (January). Only few individuals of metazoans (rotifers) were found in planktonic samples. Due to deep light penetration (10–15% of incoming active solar radiation reached the depth of 30 m), thick cyanobacterial mats (30 cm) cover all the bottom surface (grey silts) in the lake. Abundant benthic biota associated with these mats was found (up to 1000 ind. m^?2). Among the benthic metazoans, bdelloid rotifers and tardigrades were the dominating taxa. The results of this study suggest a typical ecological feature of most subglacial lakes in East Antarctica is that metazoans are very poor in the pelagic zone, preferring instead to occupy an area near the lake bottom because of a favourable constant temperature of 4 °C, good level of dissolved oxygen and available food resources as the bacterial detritus.     

碟形湖在鄱阳湖湿地生态系统的作用和意义

"碟形湖"是指鄱阳湖湖盆区内枯水季节显露于洲滩之中的季节性子湖泊,具有特殊的地貌特征和水文特性、复杂多变的湿地景观和丰富的生物多样性等特征.在碟形湖及其周边,湿生与水生植物群落有序分布、季节性演替;静水水域有利于底栖动物和鱼类生长育肥;缓慢下降的水位、逐渐伸展的泥滩为越冬候鸟持续提供丰富的食物和歇息环境,全湖80%以上的水鸟在碟形湖区域越冬.高低不一、分布广泛的碟形湖群有效地缓解了干旱、洪水灾害对鄱阳湖湿地生态系统的冲击,对于维护全球生态系统的完整性和生物多样性具有重要作用.最后提出了加强碟形湖保护和管理的对策.     

不同横断面泄流槽的地震堰塞湖溃决实验研究

堰塞湖的溃决问题是研究堰塞湖的核心内容之一,也是堰塞湖进行排险和处置的重要依据.本文以唐家山堰塞湖为原型,设计室内1∶250的近似模型实验,完成了堰塞湖自然溃决实验、梯形槽堰塞湖溃决实验、三角形槽堰塞湖溃决实验和复式槽堰塞湖溃决实验,通过对溃决过程中堰塞坝内部土体体积含水量变化特征、泄流槽侵蚀特征和溃决流量过程的分析,获得以下认识:(1)溃决初期以下切侵蚀为主、后期以侧蚀为主;溯源侵蚀方面,自然溃决表现最强烈,人工辅助溃决实验中溯源侵蚀由强到弱依次为:复式槽、三角形槽、梯形槽;(2)人工辅助溃决在一定程度上削减了洪峰流量,与自然溃决相比减小了7.7％ ～20.1％,表明开挖人工泄流槽降低坝前水位的措施对于降低堰塞湖溃决风险是可行的;(3)以溃决流量增长率高或到达溃决洪峰时间短为判定溃决初期排泄效率高的标准,对比3组人工槽溃决实验,排泄效率由高到低依次为:三角型横断面、复式横断面、梯形横断面.针对唐家山堰塞湖处置,可在梯形槽基础上开挖三角形槽变为复式槽来进一步提升溃决初期排泄效率.     

Use of otolith chemistry to discriminate juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from different wild populations and hatcheries in Lake Huron

Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Lake Huron consist of wild and hatchery-reared fish distributed among several populations. This study tested whether otolith chemistry can be used to identify the natal origin of Chinook salmon in this system. Concentrations of nine elements (Mg, K, Mn, Fe, Zn, Rb, Sr, Ba, and Pb) in the otoliths of Chinook salmon juveniles from 24 collection sites (17 streams and 7 hatcheries) around Lake Huron were analyzed using laser-ablation inductively-coupled mass spectrometry. Differences in otolith chemistry were found between rearing environments (wild and hatchery), among geological regions (Precambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous), and among collection sites. Discriminant function analysis showed high classification accuracies of juveniles to their rearing environment (wild versus hatchery, 82%), geological region (84%), and collection site (87%) of origin. With these values, there is excellent potential for otolith chemistry to be used to predict the natal origin of adults, and thus inform research and management of Chinook salmon in Lake Huron.     

科学认识河湖水系连通问题

近年,河湖水系连通问题受到了极大关注,各级水行政主管部门对河湖水系连通的理论问题提出了迫切需求。结合国内外河湖水系连通的实例以及不同专家的意见和建议,对河湖水系连通的相关问题进行了初步梳理和总结,提出了当前推进河湖水系连通工作应注意的几个问题。     

人工湖优化设计方法

针对防洪治涝工程设计规划中人工湖布局缺乏明确的技术依据问题,为了提高人工湖调蓄洪水的功效,优化城市防洪治涝体系,分析了人工湖对河道洪水过程的影响和防洪调蓄的功效。通过系统优化分析,提出了人工湖面积和布置位置的确定方法。实例说明,提出的人工湖优化设计方法简单有效,可供城市防洪治涝工程规划设计参考。     

基于等效数值评价法的湖库营养状态评价分析

根据国家湖泊(水库)营养状态评价标准及分级方法,运用等效数值评价法,建立湖库营养状态综合评价的等效数值模型,以云南省9大高原湖泊为例,对滇池等湖泊营养状态进行综合评价,并与主成分分析法及指数评价法评价结果作对比分析.结果表明该模型满足评价精度要求,是一种湖库营养状态综合评价的新方法.     

引水济湖工程措施的生态环境影响评价方法

在湖泊引水方案和二维环境流体动力学模型影响预测计算结果的基础上,提出引水后湖泊环境生态影响预测评价方法:①从湖泊水景的自然度、自净(健康)度、景观度、亲水度、连通度5个方面,构造了引江济湖工程对湖泊生态-环境-景观综合影响指数评价法;②从水环境质量、生物多样性、防洪排涝、景观生态结构等方面应用质量指标法进行工程对湖泊健康综合影响评价。实例应用表明,两种评价方法可以对湖泊引水影响效果进行科学评价,结论也比较一致,为正确实施引水济湖方案提供了科学评估方法和依据。     

模糊综合评价法在引江济巢工程引水线路优选中的应用

引江济巢工程是巢湖水环境综合治理措施,其中引水线路的选择是整个工程规划的关键之一。工程引水线路方案有凤凰颈、白荡湖、菜子湖三条线路,线路的选择具有复杂性、模糊性和不确定性。基于模糊数学理论,采用模糊综合评价法对各引水线路进行评价,建立评价指标集、评价等级集和评价指标权重集,先后做一级、二级模糊综合评价,经模糊优选菜子湖线路要优于凤凰颈和白荡湖线路。经过实践应用,此法在引江济巢工程引水线路优选中有效地将规划设计人员的主观认识客观化,能够科学迅速地对规划设计方案做出合理的优选。     

四川省数字孪生流域知识图谱的设计与实现

知识图谱是数字孪生流域建设知识平台的重要组成部分,本研究以数字孪生流域建设而汇聚的数据底板为基础,依托自顶向下和自底向上相结合的方法,通过总体框架设计,基于BERT-BiLSTM-CRF命名实体识别、Transformer模型的关系抽取、Neo4j的存储和可视化展示完成知识图谱的搭建,并基于知识图谱建设性构建智能问答系统,为四川省数字孪生流域物理流域的全映射提供了支撑,实现了知识的可视化表达、精准查询与智能推荐,为四川省河湖智能管理提供知识性参考。